AN ENTIRE 5 HOURS OF WORK LOST HERE !!!!! Spose it was unreasonable to have spent that long on this section in the first place. Time on Task Nicola, Time on task!
But besides that - WARNING -either find a way to turn autosave off or work in another application and just post into blog. Lost changes are gone, finito!
The paper highlights 6 Conceptualisations (types) of Presence :
1. Presence as social richness
From studies of communication in organisations - Presence is the extent to which a medium is perceived as "sociable", "warm", "sensitive", "intimate" and is related to concepts such as intimacy and immediacy. where language is a vector of immediacy.
2. Presence as Realism
Human Factors Engineers - Presence is the degree to which a medium can produce seemingly accurate representations.
The paper highlights the fact that a distinction should be made between "Social realism" (true to life) and "Perceptual Realism" (what could be expected)
3. Presence as Transportation
Presence is the degree to which the person feels they have been transported to another place, the objects/people are brought into the user's environment or the user shares the same space with objects/people that are at a remote physical site.
4. Presence as Immersion
Comprises both a psychological and perceptual component. Perceptual presence is determined by how many senses are provided with input from the medium and how many are shut out from receiving input from the actual phsysical environment. The Psychological component of Presence as immersion is measured by how absorbed, engrossed and involved the user felt themselves to be. Interestingly in a study cited, the virtual reality systems that were "fun, intense,competitive,addictive and exciting" scored the highest on Immersion. This begs a question which I cannot formulate now.
5. Presence as social actor within medium
Users illogically overlook the mediated nature of an entity and treat them as social entities by responding to social cues. The paper suggest that users interact with avatars as if they were real people. In Farmville, users will stop other activities to go and "water" their crops.
6. Presence as medium as social actor
When the user socially responds to the medium itself and not to entities within the medium. This will occur if the medium uses natural language, has a realtime interaction and fills traditional social roles. Basic social cues exhibite by the medium lead users to treat the medium as a social entity, a communicative partner and not just a physical object.
Presence can only occur if
- a person is using the medium
- is not a pathological confusion between the nonmediated and real world
- the person is willing to suspend disbelief
and possibly may or may not occur depending on
- knowledge of and prior experience the medium
- personality type
- the person's preferred representational system
- age, gender
- levels of sensation seeking, need to overcome loneliness, mood before and after
What would the equivalent a) nonmediated conceptualisations of Presence be and what would possible reactions be if b) the person was not feeling Present in mediated situations?
1. Social richness
Instead of feeling that I am intimate with my Avatar I feel that I am intimate with my friend because I know that the Avatar is just a bunch of pixels.
2 Realism
I am on the beach and feel the sand, see and hear the waves, smell the algae
3. Transportation
I go on holiday to India, go to a meeting at work, my friend comes to visit me in my house
4.Immersion
I fly a plane
5. Social Actor within Medium
My dog barks for water I respond by filling its bowl
6. As medium as Social Actor
This does not occur in real life settings but my reaction would possibly be different as in When a computer spoke words I would treat them as computerised instructions.
- Need to keep this in mind and will come back to this excercise maybe later.
Characteristics of the Medium|User|Context
Causes of presence as Invisible Medium
Form Variables
Number and consistency of sensory outputs
Visual display characteristics
Aural presentation characteristics
Stimuli for other senses
Interactivity
1. Number of inputs the medium accepts and responds to
2. Personalization capabilities of the medium
3. Control of the attributes by the user
4. type of user input and type of medium response
5. Reaction speed of medium
Obtrusiveness of Medium
Live vs recorded/constructed experience
Number of people
Content variables
Social Realism
Use of Media conventions
nature of task or activity
Media user variables
Willingness to suspend disbelief
Knowledge of and prior experience with the medium
Other user variables
Effects of Presence
Physiological
Psychological
Causes of presence as Transformed Medium
Form Variables
Interactivity
Use of voice
Medium size and shape
Content Variables
Social Realism
use of Media conventions
Nature of task or activity
Media User variables
Knowledge of and prior experience with the medium
Other user variables
Effects of Presence
Physiological
Psychological
It suggests future research should look for answers to the following question:
- What does presence offer us?
- How to create it
- How to use it effectively
- How it mediates a variety of responses
- What are the factors that contribute to a sense of presence - what encourages it
- What are the consequences of a sense of presence, what are the effects once it is evoked
- Is Presence a good thing?
- Can presence contribute to pathology?
- Why do we so strongly desire a sense of presence?
- What are the characteristics of a medium's form and content
- Depending on characteristics of Medium | User | Context is their one identifiable type of perceptual illusion or experience which lead to a complex variety of influences?
- Are "Presence as invisible Medium" and "Presence as transformed Medium" two distinct experiences comprising distinct concepts or are they dimensions in a multidimensional concept of presence - Watch out for list.....
- Call for standardised measure of Presence and the manipulations of variables thought to encourage Presence.
- Why do we get a sense of presence from relatively primitive cues.
- Do we desire a sense of presence in certain games that have danger and socially unacceptable events in oder to have experiences we otherwise would not have, and to experience them without real danger and social unacceptability?
"People want connection [with other people] more than any other experience" (suggested by Heeter 1992 quoted in this paper). Looking at this from the point of view of Ubuntu, is presence heightened from the connection with others because of that connection or because that connection heightens the connection with oneself, one's own existence and so could this be rephrased as People want a connection with themselves more than any other experience and that connection with themselves is felt through their experience of Presence mediated through others or objects with social feedback characteristics"?
This could be backed up the aspects of interactivity that the paper highlights as important for the user to perceive a medium as a social entity, namely the number of previous user inputs that were acknowledged and the time lag of these responses back to the user. The user remains the pivotal point, the social entity is a means to "feed" the existence of the user and so the social entities existence is determined by how much it creates a perception of sociality in the user and not its own inherent sociability. I think the Buddhism paper will give me more insight into this angle. - To-Do List and Watch out for List....
I was curious about the comments on the Regain and Shebilske (1992) paper whereby the participants in simulation experiment fared only slightly better than those who trained in the actual environment (and remember that I have another similar paper on comparison with map readings). I would like to look into what this differential was. To-Do List and Watch out for List....
To-Do List
This paper requires the following actions:
- Find possible later research that has generalized the term Presence - (Identifying the (Tele)Presence Literature Lombard M, Matthew T.J (2007)
- Consult the Regain and Shebilske (1992) paper and find, in the heap, the one on map reading to see if there is corrobration on "The Missing Link" and if it has any relevance.
- Create a folder with the extended reading papers for consultation
- Have a shower, get something to eat and some exercise to clear the head irrespective of the perception that time is too short to allow for this
- Read the 2nd chosen corner paper - The Buddhism one, to see what a different perspective has to offer.
Watch Out for List
- So does this mean that there is also another Presence whereby there is no Medium? And if so are its characteristics different?
- "People want connection [with other people] more than any other experience" - Presence in Socialising as defined by UBUNTU or is there something in the fact that we are still separate entities and responses from social interactions help us construct Presence in Ourselves.
- What is the differential between full success in Real Situations and near full success in Simulated Situations - this could give me a clue to facets of Presence that could not be in Simulated Situations or how to enhance Virtual Reality to include this
- Are "Presence as invisible Medium" and "Presence as transformed Medium" two distinct experiences comprising distinct concepts or are they dimenstions in a multidimensional concept of presence. Do other studies on Presence evoke other dimenstions that cannot fit into one of these 2 experiences?
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